The Self Medication Theory of Addiction

The Self Medication Theory of Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print The Self Medication Theory of Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 01, 2019 Image Source / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The self-medication  theory of addiction is based on the idea that people use substances, such as alcohol and drugs, or the effects of other addictive behaviors, such as eating or gambling, to compensate for underlying problems that have not been properly treated. The self-medication theory usually refers to substance use disorders, but it can also be applied to non-substance or behavioral addictions. The Self-Medication Hypothesis The self-medication hypothesis began appearing in medical journals in the 1970s, as clinicians noticed that heroin addicts were using the drug to cope with problems such as stress and loneliness. The self-medication theory suggests that use develops as a way of coping with stress in the absence of adequate solutions and meaningful social relationships. The theory gained momentum as it was recognized that many medications prescribed for legitimate ailments are similar to recreational drugs. It was further popularized by the increasing recognition in the medical community that marijuana, for many years thought of as a purely recreational drug, has many medicinal properties. The theory goes that, for some conditions, such as chronic pain, prescribed medications may be insufficient or problematic, and so marijuana users who suffer from chronic pain are simply self-medicating. This has lead to medical marijuana now being available on prescription in some places for the treatment of certain conditions. Effects, Myths, and Risks of Marijuana Responses The self-medication theory is increasingly popular among people with addictions and professionals who treat them. While some who take a hard line on addictions believe the self-medication theory is an excuse for irresponsible behavior, many in the medical profession find it useful to transition people from substances and behaviors that they are addicted to and are causing the problems to more controllable prescription medications that address the underlying problem directly. Depression, for example, can often be successfully treated with antidepressant medication, freeing the individual from seeking emotional comfort in their addiction.?? The theory is compassionate to people with addictions, particularly illicit drug users. It suggests that drug use is often an attempt to fill the gap left by limited medical options. The self-medication theory is also helpful to the therapeutic process, as it provides a clear path out of addiction that unites professionals with people struggling with addictions. They have a shared goal of correctly treating the underlying problem, and can work together to achieve this. However, some argue that the theory may absolve illicit drug users of some of the responsibility for their problems. Another stance taken against the self-medication theory is that by arguing that people with addictions are self-medicating, the theory legitimizes drug use, and medication generally, as a way of solving emotional problems. Many people who have been through the process of becoming abstinent feel that any drug use, including medications, allows people to avoid dealing with psychological issues and reinforces denial. In tandem with this, the self-medication theory reinforces the disease model of addiction. It runs the risk of simplifying the complex issue of addiction, which involves many psychological and social factors, to pure physiology. The Future of the Self-Medication Theory More and more people are going public with their addictions. Addiction and its treatment are no longer swept under the carpet, and these issues have even become the subject of reality shows, such as Intervention. Many celebrities and even politicians have admitted to past drug use. With greater social change and openness about drug use and addictions, society is becoming more compassionate towards those with addictions. The drug legalization movement and the medical marijuana movement, both of which have become increasingly mainstream, support the self-medication theory. The theory will likely play an important role in current and future concepts of addiction. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Heroism Of The Men - 1328 Words

Throughout history there have been wars; battles are fought over a woman, Helen of Troy, over land, religion, and family feuds (the Hatfield and McCoy feud). War and its aftermath are never pretty unless penned by authors who never step into a battlefield. Lives are lost, our fathers, mothers, sons, and daughters have all sacrificed for their causes. Lord Alfred Tennyson romanticized the of notion war and of the battle that was fought on the battlefield in his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade, subsequently, the intent of battle was for the glory of a cause or nation and to remember the bravery of those who fought. On the other, hand Wilfred Owen s poem Dulce et Decorum Est was the opposite, anti-romanticism of war, he too did not want the bravery of the men to be lost forever. Each of the poems praised the heroism of the men, one written in a military cadence, and the other written to emphasize the exhaustion and what by now have become the mundane reality of war and the horrific deaths these men suffered. Lord Alfred Tennyson romanticized the notion of war, of the battles that were fought in the battlefields and trenches in his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade. Tennyson’s poem portrays the war in a positive light, encourages a sense of patriotism, and at the end of the poem reminds people that the men who fought in the war were honorable. It was apparent in the reading that Tennyson was fascinated with heroism, and reflected that sentiment in his poetry about anShow MoreRelatedGreek Myths And Its Impact On American Culture1155 Words   |  5 Pagesand books and the values of Greek myths are entrenched in today’s society. Notably, heroism is a prominent value that plays a major role in Greek mythology and continues to influence American culture today, as heroes inspire society with their nobility, bravery and patriotism. Heroism is an important value in Greek mythology and is seen in Greek heroes, including Hercules, Achilles, Odysseus and many more. Heroism is defined as the attributes of a hero, consisting of bravery, compassion, cunningRead MoreRandom Acts Of Kindness, Altruistic And Prosocial Behavior970 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of heroism as to act in a prosocial manner without a personal gain. They continue by explaining that only a few can reach heroic status and must be equipped with the proper skills or luck. Whereas, Harvey, Erdos, and Turnbull (2009) defines heroism in their article’s introduction as a man or woman of distinguished bravery, a person who is reverenced and put on a pedestal, or any famous person. These researchers find differences in opinions as to the definition of heroism. Franco et alRead MoreHeroism1281 Words   |  6 PagesINSTRUCTIONS: What characteristics from Emerson’s Heroism are most necessary for defeating a monster like Grendel? Use the Option B Writing Organizer to collect your thoughts before writing. THE QUESTION: What characteristics from Emerson’s â€Å"Heroism† are most necessary for defeating a monster like Grendel? THE CHART: Use this chart to organize the information you have learned in Emerson’s essay. For help answering the question, also use the notes you took while reading Beowulf. YouRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare935 Words   |  4 PagesWhat comes in your mind when you hear the word Heroism. Does a knight in shining armor pops up in your mind or maybe a firefighter who s willing to put down his life for the good of others , well Beowulf was both. In the novel Beowulf , to me, the main theme of the entire story is heroism. Beowulf is your knight in shining armor or your fire fighter who goes into a living hell to save a kitten. Heroism is scattered all over this epic poem. Sure paganism and christianity are in it as well as goodRead MoreOdysseus Heroism in The Odyssey Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagesjeopardy to protect his men from the supernatural threats that they faced throughout their journey. Odysseus should be regarded as a hero because he is brave, clever, and cau tious. Odysseus shows his heroism through his bravery. When Circe turned his men into swine, Odysseus confronted her: I drew my sharpened sword and in one bound held it against her throat(Circe, the Enchantress lines 54-55). Odysseus is not afraid to face individuals with power like Circes to protect his men. He was aware of CircesRead MoreHeroism in Beowolf and The Canterbury Tales1032 Words   |  5 Pages Heroism Heroes are found in every work of art. Whether it is in the television shows we watch, the movies we go to see, the poems and stories we learn about, the books we read, there is always someone or something defined as the hero of that piece. Is the hero always the good guy who defeats the evil? Or is it something more, something more meaningful. Not every story line has a good vs. evil and not every story has a defined l hero, but does that mean there is not heroism in those works? HeroismRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne And The Hungarian Novel Colours And Years1500 Words   |  6 PagesMEN’S INFLUENCE OVER FEMININE PATTERNS OF HEROISM The categorisation of female characters as heroines is often less obvious than the one of male characters as heroes. In a lot of contexts, â€Å"women and men are left with the impression that women are not heroic†. In other words, sometimes people tend to regard fictional women as inferior characters to whom the traditional notion of heroism cannot be applied. Yet, with the purpose of proving such a thesis wrong, this essay will examine the historicalRead MoreA Dynamic Greek Epic Poem Iliad1354 Words   |  6 Pagessubject of a prophecy, and dying an ignoble or unpardonable death. The heroes’ in the Iliad poem can attest for many of these attributes. Emphasis on Iliad depicted how the ancient Greeks celebrate wars. Realities of the war were never ignored; their men died ferociously whiles their women became slaves or courtesan. Heroes in Iliad also chose soldierly exaltation or honor over the life of their families. Hector and Achilles who were the classic hero char acters in the test valued their braveness, noblenessRead MoreThe Epic Poem Of Troy1356 Words   |  6 Pagessubject of a prophecy, and dying an ignoble or unpardonable death. The heroes’ in the Iliad poem can attest for many of these attributes. Emphasis on Iliad depicted how the ancient Greeks celebrate wars. Realities of the war were never ignored; their men died ferociously whiles their women became slaves or courtesan. Heroes in Iliad also chose soldierly exaltation or honor over the life of their families. Hector and Achilles who were the classic hero characters in the test valued their braveness, noblenessRead More Stephen Cranes A Mystery of Heroism Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesStephen Cranes A Mystery of Heroism Stephen Crane, an avant-garde writer of his time, forced his readers to look beyond his written words for a more underlined, meaningful moral in most of his stories. Crane follows a strict pattern in most of his work. His subject matter usually deals with the physical, emotional, and intellectual responses of ordinary people confronted by extraordinary, extreme experiences. Fairly common themes are presented in his writing, including fallen humanity and

Essay about The Roaring Twenties of the United States

The Roaring Twenties of the United States By the end of the First World War America was regarded as the most powerful and richest country in the world. In the 1920 ´s the United States economy was booming. This is a period of prosperity, when the country ´s economy is doing well and the people are sharing in it. This period was known as the roaring twenties ´. In this period many jobs were made more secure, many families had more to eat, electricity was widespread, many people had more leisure time and most had†¦show more content†¦Also due to America ´s size and huge population there was a massive internal market. This meant that Americans did not have import or export their goods and waste their money doing so. Americans could sell their goods to their own p eople and America also did not need to import, as it was full of resources. There was no need for an external market. America did not need to rely on other countries, America could make money even when other countries did not. One of America ´s main advantages was that she had everything she needed inside her borders. America ´s natural strength made it seem likely that the boom was always going to happen in America. The main turning point or catalyst of the boom was the First World War and American Isolation. In the First World War America lent millions and millions to Britain and France, they would then be paid back with interest on top of the original money lent. America also exported many of its good and products such as munitions and arms to Britain and France. This was known as One Way Trade and it gave a real boost to American industry. America got rich while the European countries were busy fighting. America took over British and French markets by exporting goods to their colonies as Britain and France were too busy fighting. America also took over GermanShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream And The Roaring Twenties1336 Words   |  6 PagesDream and the Roaring Twenties The 1920’s was knows as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age because of all the dramatic political and social change, more people lived in cities rather than farms, and the nation’s wealth doubled between 1920 and 1929. There were many new technological innovations and many factors that made the United States the place to be to find the â€Å"American Dream†. The 1920’s were known as the Roaring Twenties or The Jazz Age because of many things. The roaring twenties was a differentRead MoreCinderella Man And The Great Depression991 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nineteen Twenties were an alluring, yet laborious, time for The United States as the country faced the Roaring Twenties, Great Depression and New Deal. Before the Great Depression, the United States have been a time of prosperity and originality. Products were affordable and Americans were living comfortably. Once Nineteen Twenty Nine arrived, the stock market had crashed, unemployment was at a new high, and millions of citizens were losing great deals of money. Fortunately, the New Deal, createdRead More The Roaring Twenties Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roaring Twenties Rarely has the world seen such a unique decade in time as the Roaring Twenties. It was an age of prosperity and change. The United States experienced a recession that was followed by a period of unlimited prosperity. Although the United States encountered both positive and negative experiences, it proved to be very influential in the future. The 1920s were definitely Roaring in more ways than one. There were major changes in American Society during the 1920s thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Babylon Revisited By F. Scott Fitzgerald1240 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. As Fitzgerald unravels the narrative, he creates a setting more representative of the time the story was written in. The underlying feeling of depression and loneliness contrasts with Charlie’s lifestyle creating an interesting clash of 1920s consumerism and the conservative culture Americans shifted towards as a result of the economic downturn. Babylon Revisited is a strong cultural ly relevant piece which explores American culture from the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† to the GreatRead MoreMr. Theisenamarachi Marshall. What Was The Worst Decision1157 Words   |  5 Pagesidea that was the most retrogressive though, was the â€Å"Trickle Down Effect†. In the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, the period from 1920 to 1929, there was a surge of wealth in the Unites States. There were huge parties; clubs and nightlife were flourishing. The craze spread throughout the world to places like Canada, England, Australia and Germany. In France, it was called, â€Å"annà ©es folles† or the â€Å"Crazy Years†. (Roaring Twenties) Also during this time, the prohibition went into effect. This meant there was noRead MoreAnalysis Of The Right To Ones Body By Margaret Sanger911 Words   |  4 Pageshealthcare. Next, I would like to discuss the historical context of the essay. â€Å"The Right to One’s Body† was written in 1920, which was directly in the heart of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. History.com describes this time period as â€Å"†¦ an age of dramatic social and political change† (â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†). Relating to women, the â€Å"roaring twenties† brought on the social movement of flappers. Flappers where women who did not conform to the set rules for women at the time, as in wearing short skirts and smokingRead MoreEra of Prohibition in THe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1473 Words   |  6 PagesEra of Prohibition represented the Roaring Twenties which F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly portrayed in The Great Gatsby. Alcoholic beverages were illegal in the Roaring Twenties, which caused many Americans to develop hidden bars or speakeasies to drink their alcoholic beverages. The number of speakeasies increased tremendously when the Prohibition Act was established. The high number of speakeasies caused organized activity to increase during the Roaring Twenties. â€Å"Speakeasies for illicit drinkingRead MoreAdvancements During The Roaring Twenties Essay527 Words   |  3 PagesThe twenties in the United States are thought to be full of prosperity, music, dancing, and happiness. The 1920’s are often referred to as the â€Å"roaring twenties,† but many histories purpose that this is not a correct interpretation of this time period. America may have not been good for the some of the lower class in this time period, but the 1920’s were fantastic for most of the middle and upper class living in urban cities. The advantages of this time period did outweigh the bad, which is whyRe ad MoreFashion of Roaring Twenties and the Sixties1527 Words   |  7 PagesFashion of the Roaring Twenties and The Sixties Fashion is the style prevalent at a given time. It usually refers to costume or clothing style. Everybody has to wear clothes, making fashion a part of everyday life. The way someone dresses says a lot about his or her personality, age, culture and experience. At times of economic or social change, fashion often changed. The 1920s and the 1960s are big eras were economic and social change were happening. They are both largely known for their fashionRead MoreThe Dark Side of the Roaring Twenties1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roaring Twenties, most of the things we hear about the twenties are of good, happy times and of advances in technology and medicine. When we picture the twenties, we picture people dancing, listening to jazz and driving Model Ts. Also, in the twenties, the pretty was quite prosperous. But, there was a dark side to the Roaring Twenties. Those years there were some troubling trends and events, which many forget when thinking of that decade; prohibition, organized c rime, nativism and the return

Jonas Salk Free Essays

Jonas Salk was born on October 20, 1914 in New York City to Russian-Jewish immigrants. As the first member of his family to attend college, he developed a fascination with the flu virus and sought a way to eliminate its ability to infect people with influenza. After accepting an appointment in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he began working with the National Foundation for Infantile paralysis and there began work on polio, the cure for which Jonas Salk would be known forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Jonas Salk or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1950, children throughout the United States were stricken with polio, or poliomyelitis. Those children who did not die from the disease were left crippled. In some cases, adults contracted polio as well. One of the most famous examples was president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was left in a wheelchair after a bout with the disease. Salk created a polio vaccine from a dead polio virus, which lost the ability to infect once it was killed. It did, however, retain the ability to immunize any who were injected with the â€Å"dead† form of the virus. Later, other work was performed in order to create a â€Å"live† vaccine that could be given orally (Salk’s vaccine had to be injected). The administration of this â€Å"live† vaccine failed, and Salk’s was used from that point on. Salk could have patented the vaccine and become a rich man; rather, he refused to do so in order to get the vaccine out to those who needed it quickly. Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine has completely eliminated the disease – provided the vaccine is given. After his success with polio, Salk created the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies and not only continued his research, but wrote many books as well. He passed away on June 23, 1995 at the age of 80. How to cite Jonas Salk, Papers

King Lear Essays - King Lear, British Films, Films,

King Lear The play of King Lear is about a person in search of their own personal identity. In the historical period in which this play is set, the social structure was set in order of things closest to Heaven. Therefore, on Earth, the king was at the top, followed by his noblemen and going all the way down to the basest of objects such as rocks and dirt. This structure was set up by the people, and by going by the premise that anything that is man made is imperfect, this system cannot exist for long without conflict. Through tattered clothes small vices do appear; Robes and furred gowns hide all. Plate sin with gold, And the strong lance of justice hurtles breaks; (IV, vi). The chaos that occurs in King Lear is due the reshaping of bonds within the society. Thus naturally, bonds must be broken, kept and most importantly, formed. This rearrangement of bonds is necessary to Lear understanding his personal identity. Bonds that are broken include those relations between King Lear and his two eldest daughters (Regan and Goneril), between Glouster and Edmund and also between Edmund and Edgar. Lear and Cordelia; Lear and Kent; Glouster and Edgar include those bonds that are existent at both the beginning and conclusion of the play. By the ending of the play, Lear is able to come to terms with himself and with nature. For the rearrangement of the bonds, it is necessary that those based on money, power, land, and deception be to abandoned. In the case of Lear and Goneril and Regan, his two daughters have deceived their father for their personal gain. Furthermore, they had not intended to keep the bond with their father once they had what they wanted. Goneril states We must do something, and i' th' heat. (I, i, 355), meaning that they wish to take more power upon themselves while they can. By his two of his daughters betraying him, Lear was able to gain insight that he is not as respected as he perceives himself to be. The relationship broken between Edmund his half- bother, Edgar and father, Glouster is similarly deteriorated in the interest of material items. By the end of the play, Edgar has recognized who is brother really is and when he has confronted him says the more th' hast wronged me... The dark and vicious place where thee he got/ Cost him his eyes. (V, iii, 203- 207). Since these bonds w ere all based on material items, they were not genuine therefore could not hold in the rearrangement of bonds. Throughout the play some bonds remain true. Lear at first disowns Cordelia because he does not get the flattery from her that he wishes to hear. However, through much torment after he is reduced to nothing, Lear realizes that he cannot always get what he wants just because he is king. Upon such sacrifices, my Cordelia, The gods themselves throw incense. Have I caught thee? He that parts us shall bring a brand from heaven And fire us hence like foxes. Wipe thine eyes. (V, iii, 22- 26) Tough the two were not in communication through the majority of the play, they still had love for each other and by the end of the play, their bond is reformed. The breaking and reforming of Lear and Cordelia's bond is similar to that of Lear and Kent's bond. Throughout the play their bond remains true, only Lear is not aware of it. Even after Lear has passed away, Kent states, I have a journey, sir, shortly to go/ My master calls me; I must not say no. (V, iii, 390- 391), thus proving that even in Lear's death he remains loyal. The bonds that are present at both the beginning and ending of the play have the consistent elements of loyalty and love. Through the reforming of relationships Lear gains insight which allows him to come to terms with himself and nature. Throughout the play Lear experiences much torment and punishment from nature, for unnaturally giving up his power: Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks! Rage, blow! You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout Till you have drenched our steeples, (drowned) the cocks. Your sulph' rous and thought- executing fires, Vaunt- couriers of oak- cleaving thunderbolts, Singe my white

This essay is about a Magical Eraser. Great for a philisophical essay, or if you have one of Thoes Teachers That are contemplating the universe all the time.

This essay is about a Magical Eraser. Great for a philisophical essay, or if you have one of Thoes Teachers That are contemplating the universe all the time. The Magical EraserIn a time after ours, science had evolved, far beyond our farthest dreams. A lot was discovered. Most of what you have come to know has been proven wrong. The most memorable issue is Cancer. There were merely only two types of real cancer. Phy and M.e.n.t. The thinking of having cancer, the most prodminent one, caused m.e.n.t. cancer. The second was Phy, caused by radiation, sent to earth from the sun. It turns out that Plutonium and Uranium were only reacting with the photons bonded to the UV rays being sent from the sun. Our world was a replica of yours. An exact replica. Opposite in technology. I will get into that later. The cure, simple. Physiological, ESP type waves. The brain is more than what you know, true it does store knowledge, but not in cells, or by mere zaps of electricity, actually, electricity has nothing to do with it.English: Pencil and erasersThe brain acts on a 4th dimensional level. Your brain is your soul. Still affected by what you eat, and s ensitive to vibrations, in touch with the 3d world. So, there are also ways of training your brain, or enhancing its waves. By means of what you call an eraser. Not every eraser has this capability of strengthening ESP waves, just few ones, made of pure rubber. When these erasers were being made in the 21st centaury, scientists did not notice a reaction within the rubber molecules themselves when in contact with UV rays. As we came to know it, everything does revolve around our sun, or at least our science does. As for the center of the universe, there is none. Very simple, the universe is not expanding, and has no limits. So as you can see, these Erasers have became very valuable,

The Compound Conjugations of the French Verb Être

The Compound Conjugations of the French Verb Être The very irregular French verb  Ãƒ ªtre (to be)  is among the most frequently used and, therefore, most valuable verbs in the French language. You will find some form of it on every printed page, in every lesson and on the tip of every tongue. The  simple tenses  form the basis of most communication in everyday French, not only used by themselves as the equivalent of to be, but also as auxiliary verbs for the compound forms of many French verbs. The verb  Ãƒ ªtre also has its own compound tenses, which are likewise commonly used in spoken and written French. Both the irregular simple tenses and the irregular compound tenses of this verb also appear in many of the most common idiomatic expressions in the French language. Below are all of the compound tenses in which the  verb  Ãƒ ªtre appears. Compound Conjugations of the Irregular French Verb Être Pass compos Pluperfect Past subjunctive j ai t avais t aie t tu as t avais t aies t il a t avait t ait t nous avons t avions t ayons t vous avez t aviez t ayez t ils ont t avaient t aient t Future perfect Conditional perfect Pluperfect subjunctive j aurai t aurais t eusse t tu auras t aurais t eusses t il aura t aurait t et t nous aurons t aurions t eussions t vous aurez t auriez t eussiez t ils auront t auraient t eussent t Past anterior Conditional perfect, 2nd form j eus t eusse t tu eus t eusses t il eut t et t nous emes t eussions t vous etes t eussiez t ils eurent t eussent t Past imperative Past infinitive Perfect participle (tu) aie t avoir t ayant t (nous) ayons t - - (vous) ayez t - -