Report of the Working Group on the Environment and Forests Sector Free Essays

REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON RESEARCH, EDUCATION, TRAINING, CAPACITY BUILDING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS SECTOR FOR THE ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-2012) [pic] Government of India Planning Commission New Delhi REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON RESEARCH, EDUCATION, TRAINING, CAPACITY BUILDING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS SECTOR FOR THE ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-2012) [pic] Government of India Planning Commission New Delhi Contents |Page | |Preface |1 | |Summary |3 | |Chapter 1: Introduction |5 | |Chapter 2: Existing Institutional Set up |10 | |Chapter 3: Salient accomplishments of X Plan |22 | |Chapter 4: Emerging Challenges and Vision for future |47 | |Chapter 5: Strategies and Approach for the XI Plan |63 | |Chapter 6: Thrust Areas for XI Plan |77 | |Chapter 7: Proposals for XI Plan |98 | |Summary of Recommendations |129 | |Annexure | |1. Rundown of Working Group Members Terms of Reference |144 | |2: Sub Groups Const itution |147 | |3. Shortened forms |152 | PREFACE Indian Environment and Forests Sector is confronting significant difficulties in the quick changing worldwide and Indian situation. We will compose a custom exposition test on Report of the Working Group on the Environment and Forests Sector or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now It requires no less a progressive methodology than the ‘green’ or ‘white’ upset. The key ecological difficulties that the nation faces identify with the nexus of natural debasement with neediness in numerous measurements, and financial development. Further, The job of backwoods in neediness mitigation, giving products and enterprises to the general public, guaranteeing ecological security of the nation and advancing carbon sequestration has accepted a lot more noteworthy significance than at any other time. There are various other significant biological systems lying outside the customary limits of the backwoods which require immediate or circuitous mediations of foresters in relationship with different partners. The Research and Development (RD) technique needs to consider preservation and feasible administration of woods and woodland creation prospects outside backwoods. We need a Common Research and Development Agenda. Likewise, the degree of desires from the ranger service calling has gone up. The foresters, researchers, scientists and educationists are required to assume diverse jobs to manage an assortment of externalities other than adapting up to the customary ranger service and rising economical ranger service requests. These jobs request high level of aptitude and ability in different fields requiring up-degree of specialized abilities and improvement of expert capacities in managing social, natural, financial and formative issues. All partners need to get included. The State and Central Research Institutions and Agricultural Universities need to work connected at the hip to accomplish national objectives. The Planning Commission (Environment and Forests Unit), vide its letter No. M-13033/1/2006-EF dated 21 August 2006, established a Working Group on Research, Education, Training, Capacity Building and Information Management for the Environment and Forests Sector for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012), under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, MoEF. Keeping in see the tremendousness of the activity and assorted variety of issues included, four Sub Groups were made to manage a particular topics. Sub Groups held gatherings for pondering upon the different issues relating to this theme. In the middle of and later casual conversations through email among the individuals from the sub bunches were likewise held especially for those individuals who couldn't go to all the gatherings because of their distractions. The Chairman wishes to put on record his thankfulness and gratitude to all the individuals from the Working Groups and Sub Groups and for uninhibitedly giving his time and effectively partaking in the considerations. (Jagdish Kiswan) Director General, ICFRE Member Secretary, Working Group SUMMARY The Planning Commission, Government of India set out to set up a Working Group on Research , Education, Training Capacity Building and Information Management for the Environment and Forests Sector for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 †2012) ,under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests GOI. The Terms of Reference (TOR) of the working gatherings went from making a basic audit of accomplishments in the field of Environmental and Forestry related Research and Education during the X Five Year Plan to suggesting methodology and approaches on look into instruction, expansion, preparing and limit building and data the board; fundamentally inspecting the job of research foundations in the earth and woodland segment and recommending measures for successful coordination between the logical services of the Govt. of India managing Environmental and Forestry related exercises. The TOR further called for suggesting on core values for look into needs dependent on the worldwide responsibilities or preservation and national needs and foundation of information and data base for understanding evaluation arranging and checking. Considering the immensity of the errand in question, four Sub Groups on (I) Environmental Research, Education and Extension; (ii) Forestry Research, Education and Extension; (iii) Training and Capacity Building; and (iv) Information Management were comprised by the administrator to think on the issues and create archives. The sub bunches were to go into the repercussion of the Terms of Reference. This report is the result of itemized conversations and the ends determined by these four sub gatherings. The archive spreads more than seven parts. The province of Environment and Forests in India during the most recent five decades alongside the worldwide difficulties being confronted right now have been managed in the Introduction. The vision, destinations order and exercises of the significant organizations under Govt. of India like, ICFRE, IGNFA, DFE ,FSI, IPIRTI and IIFM are managed finally under section 2 . Colleges and different establishments have likewise been managed in this part. Audit of the notable accomplishments by different establishments and associations during the X Five-Year Plan have been explained in the third part. Section four arrangements with the significant difficulties and vision for future. Wide regions of research ranger service expansion and natural research and instruction have been talked about in detail in section five under methodologies and approach. The significant push regions like agroforestry, watershed the board, woods, fire, biodiversity preservation effect of infections, therapeutic and NWFP, backwoods items and enterprises and advances for move have been distinguished under section six. Section seven contains suggestions and recommendations of the Working Group with expository defense of the equivalent and featuring the organized Action Plan for the XI Five Year Plan. Additionally significant research programs under which condition related research could be bolstered have been referenced in this section. In conclusion, to meet the objectives, financial plans for Environment and Forest Research, Education ,Extension, Training Capacity Building and Information Management have been worked out and a theoretical of the complete cost given. An all out cost of Rs. 70,319. 43 lakhs has been proposed for the XI Five Year Plan . Section 1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"A differing creating society, for example, our own gives various difficulties in the monetary, social, political, social, and natural fields. These mix in the predominant basic of mitigation of mass neediness, figured in the numerous elements of employment security, social insurance, training, strengthening of the distraught, and disposal of sexual orientation inconsistencies. Over the political range of the nation there has been acknowledgment of the fundamental job common assets play in giving employments, and making sure about existence bolster environmental administrations. Feasible advancement worries in the feeling of upgrade of human prosperity, comprehensively considered, are a repetitive topic in India’s improvement reasoning. The current day accord reflects three fundamental yearnings. For this to happen there is a requirement for parity and concordance between monetary, social and ecological needs of the nation. India likewise assumes a significant job in a few noteworthy worldwide activities worried about the earth. It is involved with the key multilateral understandings, and perceives the interdependencies among, and trans-limit character of, a few natural issues. † †Excerpts for The National Environment Policy 2006 (NEP). 1. 1During the last five to six decades it has been progressively seen that the life-supporting possibilities of our planet Earth has been dissolving quickly and may at last undermine the very presence of Biosphere. The underlying driver for exhausting life supporting possibilities of the earth is the ecological debasement through anthropogenically-intercede exercises. The ozone exhaustion, environmental change, desertification, tropical deforestation, species elimination, and contamination of water, soil and air are a portion of the ecological issues of worldwide concern. 1. The Tenth Plan had perceived that natural maintainability â€Å"is impossible however an imperative†. Clean air, unadulterated water, protection of timberlands and untamed life and age of greenery are the basics for a solid situation. Anticipation of debasement of land, controlling floods and dry spells, forestalling desertification, preservation of delicate eco-framework, avoidance of deforestation, saving bio-decent variety and moderating water and air contamination every current test for organizers and arrangement producers. 1. 3 The idea of maintainable advancement has developed as a solution for human endurance and simultaneously guarantees long haul support of biological system wellbeing.

The impact of ozone depletion Free Essays

string(132) recover on the grounds that it will in general chop down the arrangement of such mists that collaborate with gases in the climate to destruct the ozone. The ozone is a slender bed of triatomic O atoms situated inside the atmosphere which is equipped for retaining dangerous UV ( UV ) radiation from the Sun. Ozone happens obviously inside the stratosphere, and it represents roughly 90 % of the whole ozone particles in the vibe, contrasted with the tropospheric ozone which shapes a significant air contamination and accounts for only10 % . Ozone bed in the air stretches out vertically up to about 50Km, and there are around 12,000 ozone particles for every 1 billion atoms of air, while less measure exist in the troposphere of around 20-100 atoms for every billion particles of air. We will compose a custom exposition test on The effect of ozone exhaustion or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Stratospheric ozone is shaped through a continuous complex system of photochemical response influencing the parting of O particles into two O iotas by sun based vitality and every iota more remote joins with O atoms to deliver ozone. Since the strategy is daylight dependant, more ozone is delivered at lower scopes due the convergence of high sun oriented radiation around the equator ; as such ozone is consistently created and wrecked in these unpredictable concoction responses. The planetary dissemination of ozone relies upon conditions, for example, the handiness of Br and Cl in the feel, high sun oriented quality and latitudinal area that favor the creation of the atoms. Without this bed, UV-B radiation when making the Earth is fit for harming works and enliven being tissues, expanding the danger of health occupations, for example, skin threatening neoplastic infection in universes each piece great as destructing both terrestrial and oceanic biological systems. Exhaustion of the ozone has been seen over the mature ages because of the arrival of concoction substances into the mood by universes. In 2005, researchers have watched the expansion in ozone exhausting substances ( ODS ) which results to the cutting of this defensive bed over Arctic and Antarctic posts by around 30 †50 % , and a planetary mean reduction of around 3 †6 % contrasted with the pre †1980 degrees. The technique of consumption starts with the arrival of the ozone draining substances ( ODS ), for example, Cl and Br and CFCs ( CFCs ) generally from human beginnings. These gases more distant gather into the atmosphere for some clasp depending of their tenant occasions thus shipped to the stratosphere through opposite commixture. These non-responsive gases are more remote changed over into receptive mixes by UV radiation, so synthetic responses takes topographic point to destruct the ozone bed. At long last, these gases are moved back to the troposphere where th ey are evacuated through precipitation. Atmosphere modification and ozone bed consumption are interlinked in light of the fact that ozone itself is a nursery gas and along with other ozone devouring substances, for example, Br ( Br ) and Cl ( Cl ) add to planetary warming. In this manner any adjustments in the climatic fixation and circulation of ozone will hold significant effect on the planetary clime framework. Arrival of these ( ODS ) substances including C dioxide and CFCs has a chilling result on the stratosphere. This chilling result favors the concoction responses in Cl and Br accordingly loaning to the arrangement of Polar Stratospheric Clouds ( PSC ) , a status that outcomes in the exhaustion of ozone. Surveies have demonstrated that the decreasing in stratospheric ozone saw over Antarctica prompted changes in the collaborations between the stratosphere and the Earth. These modifications modify the environmental course particularly the North Atlantic wavering ( NAO ) , which in twist has a result on vacillation of clime around the Atlantic. Consumption of the ozone has another significant result on the planetary biogeochemical rhythms which has significant outcome on the clime framework. Increment in the total UV-B changes the C beat by affecting the utilization of CO2 by workss during photosynthesis, each piece great as C stockpiling in workss tissues as biomass. Since the terrestrial biological system fills in as a net sink for C, changes in the total of UV radiation is equipped for upseting the photosynthetic and breath methodology which interface the barometrical C and terrestrial C utilization and discharge. Inside the terrestrial biological systems, certain works species become progressively helpless to expanded UV radiation, thusly slice bringing down their capacity to picking up control and shop climatic C dioxide. Moreover, a change in the UV radiation expands the pace of productiveness of earth miniaturized scale creatures, for example, parasites accordingly expanding the pace of C discharge from biomass deterioration. This quickened twist around clasp of C through this methodology of introduction degradation or presentation transmutation diminishes the capacity limit of the earth as a significant C sink, as such loaning to planetary warming. Logical projections from hypothetical records recommend a significant dislodging in planetary environments from fridge and wetting specialist to hotter and drier conditions because of environmental change-UV collaboration. Another of import linkage between ozone exhaustion and clime adjustment is the difference in the sea life organic siphon of environmental C dioxide into the sea underside affected by UV radiation. Hued broke down natural issue ( CDOM ) these days in amphibian essential makers which is utile in engrossing UV in the sea experiences presentation decoloring under higher dose. In this way resulting in the loss of the color and appropriately let more UV invasion into the sea and chop down the capacity of oceanic workss to fix C during photosynthesis. Additionally, thermic separation of sea Waterss happen as an outcome of expanded CO2 from human-actuated transmissions diminishes mid-water O around the profundity of 200-800m, which influence C utilization by the seas. This separation sway opposite commixture of substances, for example, bromocarbons found in tropical Waterss. Affected by UV, certain ozone expending receptive gatherings, for example, Br oxide ( BrO ) are delivered. On the other hand, clime change other than affects ozone bed consumption. This impact may either quicken or slow the ozone methodology of recuperation. Atmosphere change prompts the arrangement of Polar stratospheric mists around the high scopes which when sent out to mid-scopes deliver more remote exhaustion of the ozone around such nations. Surveies have indicated that radiative constraining from planetary warming may help the ozone to recover in light of the fact that it will in general chop down the development of such mists that communicate with gases in the feel to destruct the ozone. You read The effect of ozone exhaustion in class Paper models Evidence was seen in the lessening in the loss of ozone over Antarctica somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2004 throughout the spring time frame. Since ozone exhaustion is the main source of diminishing in temperature of the stratospheric ozone by about ( - 0.17 A ; deg ; C/decennary ) , expansion in the transmission of Green House Gase s ( GHG ) into the feeling will hold a warming result subsequently change by reversaling this misfortune. Responses influencing mixes of halogen are straight influenced by UV-B and clime modification. Halomethane radiations credited to atmosphere adjustment respond with UV-B and in like manner balance ozone handiness in the feeling. Atmosphere adjustment actuated expansion in temperature invigorates the arrival of methyl bromide and methyl iodide from specific types of workss affected by UV radiation. In addition, clime adjustment outcome in the difference in the planetary hydrological mood by expanding the pace of precipitation and eutrophication of natural C into streams and waterways from land. Mineralisation of this natural stuff takes topographic point affected by UV to cultivate discharge C into the feel and add to planetary warming. In add-on, planetary warming brought about by human-prompted option in Nitrogen oxide ( NO ) , Carbon monoxide ( CO ) , and Methane ( CH4 ) from bush flames expands the pace of creation of ozone in the troposphere. As such planetary warming may expand the whole of mist concentrates these days in the feeling which later influences the pace of ozone photolysis by around 6-11 % . Other common variables loaning to atmosphere change, for example, volcanic ejection and vacillation in sun-spot movement influence ozone bed consumption. Since ozone exhaustion in the stratosphere is framed affected by sun powered vitality, any expansion in the entirety of radiation originating from the Sun will expand the aggregate of ozone in the climate. Variety in the 11-year Sun topographic point action show a learned expansion and reducing in ozone focus with coordinating maximal and negligible sun oriented rhythms severally. Moreover, The Brewer-Dobson flow is answerable for the transport of sulfur gases from volcanic emissions into the stratosphere. The go uping region of this flow transport gas from the Torrid Zones upwards while the falling region return the gases back to the troposphere in the high scopes. Volcanic ejections other than discharge sulfate gases into the atmosphere. These gases altogether chop down the pace of expansion of occurrence radiation from the Sun and reduce the creation of ozone. Other normal factors, for example, the arrival of methyl bromide into the feel from rice development drain the ozone and consequently increment the invasion of UV radiation. There is a solid connection between UV radiation, C and N cycling which has a significant clime adjustment conclusions. Increment in UV can affect the N cadence through modifications in the pace of natural issue disintegration of N consolidating mixes through nitrogen captured improvement. Nitrogen mixes, for example, ammoniu

The Self Medication Theory of Addiction

The Self Medication Theory of Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print The Self Medication Theory of Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 01, 2019 Image Source / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The self-medication  theory of addiction is based on the idea that people use substances, such as alcohol and drugs, or the effects of other addictive behaviors, such as eating or gambling, to compensate for underlying problems that have not been properly treated. The self-medication theory usually refers to substance use disorders, but it can also be applied to non-substance or behavioral addictions. The Self-Medication Hypothesis The self-medication hypothesis began appearing in medical journals in the 1970s, as clinicians noticed that heroin addicts were using the drug to cope with problems such as stress and loneliness. The self-medication theory suggests that use develops as a way of coping with stress in the absence of adequate solutions and meaningful social relationships. The theory gained momentum as it was recognized that many medications prescribed for legitimate ailments are similar to recreational drugs. It was further popularized by the increasing recognition in the medical community that marijuana, for many years thought of as a purely recreational drug, has many medicinal properties. The theory goes that, for some conditions, such as chronic pain, prescribed medications may be insufficient or problematic, and so marijuana users who suffer from chronic pain are simply self-medicating. This has lead to medical marijuana now being available on prescription in some places for the treatment of certain conditions. Effects, Myths, and Risks of Marijuana Responses The self-medication theory is increasingly popular among people with addictions and professionals who treat them. While some who take a hard line on addictions believe the self-medication theory is an excuse for irresponsible behavior, many in the medical profession find it useful to transition people from substances and behaviors that they are addicted to and are causing the problems to more controllable prescription medications that address the underlying problem directly. Depression, for example, can often be successfully treated with antidepressant medication, freeing the individual from seeking emotional comfort in their addiction.?? The theory is compassionate to people with addictions, particularly illicit drug users. It suggests that drug use is often an attempt to fill the gap left by limited medical options. The self-medication theory is also helpful to the therapeutic process, as it provides a clear path out of addiction that unites professionals with people struggling with addictions. They have a shared goal of correctly treating the underlying problem, and can work together to achieve this. However, some argue that the theory may absolve illicit drug users of some of the responsibility for their problems. Another stance taken against the self-medication theory is that by arguing that people with addictions are self-medicating, the theory legitimizes drug use, and medication generally, as a way of solving emotional problems. Many people who have been through the process of becoming abstinent feel that any drug use, including medications, allows people to avoid dealing with psychological issues and reinforces denial. In tandem with this, the self-medication theory reinforces the disease model of addiction. It runs the risk of simplifying the complex issue of addiction, which involves many psychological and social factors, to pure physiology. The Future of the Self-Medication Theory More and more people are going public with their addictions. Addiction and its treatment are no longer swept under the carpet, and these issues have even become the subject of reality shows, such as Intervention. Many celebrities and even politicians have admitted to past drug use. With greater social change and openness about drug use and addictions, society is becoming more compassionate towards those with addictions. The drug legalization movement and the medical marijuana movement, both of which have become increasingly mainstream, support the self-medication theory. The theory will likely play an important role in current and future concepts of addiction. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Heroism Of The Men - 1328 Words

Throughout history there have been wars; battles are fought over a woman, Helen of Troy, over land, religion, and family feuds (the Hatfield and McCoy feud). War and its aftermath are never pretty unless penned by authors who never step into a battlefield. Lives are lost, our fathers, mothers, sons, and daughters have all sacrificed for their causes. Lord Alfred Tennyson romanticized the of notion war and of the battle that was fought on the battlefield in his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade, subsequently, the intent of battle was for the glory of a cause or nation and to remember the bravery of those who fought. On the other, hand Wilfred Owen s poem Dulce et Decorum Est was the opposite, anti-romanticism of war, he too did not want the bravery of the men to be lost forever. Each of the poems praised the heroism of the men, one written in a military cadence, and the other written to emphasize the exhaustion and what by now have become the mundane reality of war and the horrific deaths these men suffered. Lord Alfred Tennyson romanticized the notion of war, of the battles that were fought in the battlefields and trenches in his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade. Tennyson’s poem portrays the war in a positive light, encourages a sense of patriotism, and at the end of the poem reminds people that the men who fought in the war were honorable. It was apparent in the reading that Tennyson was fascinated with heroism, and reflected that sentiment in his poetry about anShow MoreRelatedGreek Myths And Its Impact On American Culture1155 Words   |  5 Pagesand books and the values of Greek myths are entrenched in today’s society. 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Essay about The Roaring Twenties of the United States

The Roaring Twenties of the United States By the end of the First World War America was regarded as the most powerful and richest country in the world. In the 1920 ´s the United States economy was booming. This is a period of prosperity, when the country ´s economy is doing well and the people are sharing in it. This period was known as the roaring twenties ´. In this period many jobs were made more secure, many families had more to eat, electricity was widespread, many people had more leisure time and most had†¦show more content†¦Also due to America ´s size and huge population there was a massive internal market. This meant that Americans did not have import or export their goods and waste their money doing so. Americans could sell their goods to their own p eople and America also did not need to import, as it was full of resources. There was no need for an external market. America did not need to rely on other countries, America could make money even when other countries did not. One of America ´s main advantages was that she had everything she needed inside her borders. America ´s natural strength made it seem likely that the boom was always going to happen in America. The main turning point or catalyst of the boom was the First World War and American Isolation. In the First World War America lent millions and millions to Britain and France, they would then be paid back with interest on top of the original money lent. America also exported many of its good and products such as munitions and arms to Britain and France. This was known as One Way Trade and it gave a real boost to American industry. America got rich while the European countries were busy fighting. America took over British and French markets by exporting goods to their colonies as Britain and France were too busy fighting. 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(Roaring Twenties) Also during this time, the prohibition went into effect. This meant there was noRead MoreAnalysis Of The Right To Ones Body By Margaret Sanger911 Words   |  4 Pageshealthcare. Next, I would like to discuss the historical context of the essay. â€Å"The Right to One’s Body† was written in 1920, which was directly in the heart of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. History.com describes this time period as â€Å"†¦ an age of dramatic social and political change† (â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†). Relating to women, the â€Å"roaring twenties† brought on the social movement of flappers. Flappers where women who did not conform to the set rules for women at the time, as in wearing short skirts and smokingRead MoreEra of Prohibition in THe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1473 Words   |  6 PagesEra of Prohibition represented the Roaring Twenties which F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly portrayed in The Great Gatsby. Alcoholic beverages were illegal in the Roaring Twenties, which caused many Americans to develop hidden bars or speakeasies to drink their alcoholic beverages. The number of speakeasies increased tremendously when the Prohibition Act was established. The high number of speakeasies caused organized activity to increase during the Roaring Twenties. â€Å"Speakeasies for illicit drinkingRead MoreAdvancements During The Roaring Twenties Essay527 Words   |  3 PagesThe twenties in the United States are thought to be full of prosperity, music, dancing, and happiness. The 1920’s are often referred to as the â€Å"roaring twenties,† but many histories purpose that this is not a correct interpretation of this time period. America may have not been good for the some of the lower class in this time period, but the 1920’s were fantastic for most of the middle and upper class living in urban cities. The advantages of this time period did outweigh the bad, which is whyRe ad MoreFashion of Roaring Twenties and the Sixties1527 Words   |  7 PagesFashion of the Roaring Twenties and The Sixties Fashion is the style prevalent at a given time. It usually refers to costume or clothing style. Everybody has to wear clothes, making fashion a part of everyday life. The way someone dresses says a lot about his or her personality, age, culture and experience. At times of economic or social change, fashion often changed. The 1920s and the 1960s are big eras were economic and social change were happening. They are both largely known for their fashionRead MoreThe Dark Side of the Roaring Twenties1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roaring Twenties, most of the things we hear about the twenties are of good, happy times and of advances in technology and medicine. When we picture the twenties, we picture people dancing, listening to jazz and driving Model Ts. Also, in the twenties, the pretty was quite prosperous. But, there was a dark side to the Roaring Twenties. Those years there were some troubling trends and events, which many forget when thinking of that decade; prohibition, organized c rime, nativism and the return

Jonas Salk Free Essays

Jonas Salk was born on October 20, 1914 in New York City to Russian-Jewish immigrants. As the first member of his family to attend college, he developed a fascination with the flu virus and sought a way to eliminate its ability to infect people with influenza. After accepting an appointment in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he began working with the National Foundation for Infantile paralysis and there began work on polio, the cure for which Jonas Salk would be known forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Jonas Salk or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1950, children throughout the United States were stricken with polio, or poliomyelitis. Those children who did not die from the disease were left crippled. In some cases, adults contracted polio as well. One of the most famous examples was president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was left in a wheelchair after a bout with the disease. Salk created a polio vaccine from a dead polio virus, which lost the ability to infect once it was killed. It did, however, retain the ability to immunize any who were injected with the â€Å"dead† form of the virus. Later, other work was performed in order to create a â€Å"live† vaccine that could be given orally (Salk’s vaccine had to be injected). The administration of this â€Å"live† vaccine failed, and Salk’s was used from that point on. Salk could have patented the vaccine and become a rich man; rather, he refused to do so in order to get the vaccine out to those who needed it quickly. Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine has completely eliminated the disease – provided the vaccine is given. After his success with polio, Salk created the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies and not only continued his research, but wrote many books as well. He passed away on June 23, 1995 at the age of 80. How to cite Jonas Salk, Papers

King Lear Essays - King Lear, British Films, Films,

King Lear The play of King Lear is about a person in search of their own personal identity. In the historical period in which this play is set, the social structure was set in order of things closest to Heaven. Therefore, on Earth, the king was at the top, followed by his noblemen and going all the way down to the basest of objects such as rocks and dirt. This structure was set up by the people, and by going by the premise that anything that is man made is imperfect, this system cannot exist for long without conflict. Through tattered clothes small vices do appear; Robes and furred gowns hide all. Plate sin with gold, And the strong lance of justice hurtles breaks; (IV, vi). The chaos that occurs in King Lear is due the reshaping of bonds within the society. Thus naturally, bonds must be broken, kept and most importantly, formed. This rearrangement of bonds is necessary to Lear understanding his personal identity. Bonds that are broken include those relations between King Lear and his two eldest daughters (Regan and Goneril), between Glouster and Edmund and also between Edmund and Edgar. Lear and Cordelia; Lear and Kent; Glouster and Edgar include those bonds that are existent at both the beginning and conclusion of the play. By the ending of the play, Lear is able to come to terms with himself and with nature. For the rearrangement of the bonds, it is necessary that those based on money, power, land, and deception be to abandoned. In the case of Lear and Goneril and Regan, his two daughters have deceived their father for their personal gain. Furthermore, they had not intended to keep the bond with their father once they had what they wanted. Goneril states We must do something, and i' th' heat. (I, i, 355), meaning that they wish to take more power upon themselves while they can. By his two of his daughters betraying him, Lear was able to gain insight that he is not as respected as he perceives himself to be. The relationship broken between Edmund his half- bother, Edgar and father, Glouster is similarly deteriorated in the interest of material items. By the end of the play, Edgar has recognized who is brother really is and when he has confronted him says the more th' hast wronged me... The dark and vicious place where thee he got/ Cost him his eyes. (V, iii, 203- 207). Since these bonds w ere all based on material items, they were not genuine therefore could not hold in the rearrangement of bonds. Throughout the play some bonds remain true. Lear at first disowns Cordelia because he does not get the flattery from her that he wishes to hear. However, through much torment after he is reduced to nothing, Lear realizes that he cannot always get what he wants just because he is king. Upon such sacrifices, my Cordelia, The gods themselves throw incense. Have I caught thee? He that parts us shall bring a brand from heaven And fire us hence like foxes. Wipe thine eyes. (V, iii, 22- 26) Tough the two were not in communication through the majority of the play, they still had love for each other and by the end of the play, their bond is reformed. The breaking and reforming of Lear and Cordelia's bond is similar to that of Lear and Kent's bond. Throughout the play their bond remains true, only Lear is not aware of it. Even after Lear has passed away, Kent states, I have a journey, sir, shortly to go/ My master calls me; I must not say no. (V, iii, 390- 391), thus proving that even in Lear's death he remains loyal. The bonds that are present at both the beginning and ending of the play have the consistent elements of loyalty and love. Through the reforming of relationships Lear gains insight which allows him to come to terms with himself and nature. Throughout the play Lear experiences much torment and punishment from nature, for unnaturally giving up his power: Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks! Rage, blow! You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout Till you have drenched our steeples, (drowned) the cocks. Your sulph' rous and thought- executing fires, Vaunt- couriers of oak- cleaving thunderbolts, Singe my white